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Boeing 737 MAX arrives in Australia

The first aircraft for Australia’s new domestic airline, Bonza, has arrived at its new home on the Sunshine Coast.

The Boeing 737 MAX, designated flight AB001, took off from Boeing’s facility in Seattle on Friday, making stops in Hawaii and Fiji for refueling before landing at the Sunshine Coast.

Bonza is hoping to launch flights from September, pending regulatory approval, and plans to initially fly to 17 destinations on 27 routes. Twenty five of these routes are not currently serviced by other airlines, according to Bonza.

It is the first new airline to launch in Australia since the now-defunct Tigerair in 2007, which shut down due to the pandemic.

“This is an exciting time for Australian aviation and most importantly, the Aussie traveling public who will now enjoy more choice,” said Bonza’s chief executive Tim Jordan.

Jordan has previously said that the low-cost carrier’s fares will be about half the price of those offered by full-service airlines and similar to those of Jetstar.

Along with the Sunshine Coast, expected destinations include Albury, Bundaberg, Cairns, Coffs Harbour, Gladstone, Mackay, Mildura, Newcastle, Port Macquarie, Rockhampton, Toowoomba Wellcamp, Townsville and the Whitsunday Coast.

Bonza will fly into Melbourne Airport but not to Sydney, with Jordan citing better commercial terms and landing slots on offer at other facilities.

The new Bonza plane’s interiors will be completed in Australia. The single-class cabin will have 186 seats with different seating options, according to the airline.

“It seems only right that we bring home our first aircraft to have its final touches put on by Australians locally,” Jordan said.

Bonza has already broken some Australian aviation conventions, even before it launches.

The airline will only sell fares through its own app – bookings won’t be available through third-party websites. It will also have Australia’s first non-gender specific uniform rules for its cabin crew, allowing staff to mix and match a variety of clothing options.

Bonza’s plane is the first Boeing 737 MAX to be based in Australia and will be part of a fleet of new aircraft. The airline expects a second MAX aircraft to arrive later this month and another in September, with a total of eight to be delivered in its first year of operation.

The 737 MAX, which first entered service in 2017, was grounded worldwide in March 2019 after a faulty flight stabilization system saw two of the jets involved in fatal crashes, killing more than 300 people.

America’s Federal Aviation Administration cleared the plane to resume service in November 2020 after changes were made.

Virgin Australia also has four 737 MAX plans on order, reduced from an original order of 23.

The 737 MAX offers a 15 per cent fuel saving on previous versions of the 737.

The arrival of the 737 MAX comes one day after Jetstar took delivery of its first Airbus A320neo, the arch rival of the MAX, with similar size, range and fuel efficiency.

See also: Bigger seats, longer range: Jetstar’s new Airbus touches down

See also: Superjumbo comeback: The airlines still flying A380s to Australia

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Horror rise in Queensland men threatening to burn their partners alive revealed

Domestic and family violence perpetrators in Queensland are increasingly threatening to set their current and former partners alight, a new study has found, with cases spiking after the horrific 2020 murders of Hannah Clarke and her children.

The report, co-authored by UQ TC Beirne School of Law senior lecturer Joseph Lelliott and associate lecturer Rebecca Wallis, details testimonies from seven non-government domestic and family violence service providers in the state’s southeast.

Direct and implicit threats of dousing are a form of coercive control that has not been formally studied before.

But they are on the rise: one participant told the survey of 17 workers last year that abusers sent the stories of Clarke – whose three children were burned alive in their car in February 2020 by her estranged husband – and Kelly Wilkinson – who was set alight in her Gold Coast backyard last April – to their partners as a means of telling them, “That’s what I’ll do to you”.

“Anecdotally, there have been cases where perpetrators have directly referenced the cases of Hannah Clarke or Kelly Wilkinson when they make threats, saying, ‘You’re going to end up just like her’, or saying something along the lines of, ‘That’s what you’ll get’ if news about them comes on,” Dr Lelliott told news.com.au.

“It appears that media reports about these cases, and ones like them, may lead to ‘copycat’-like behaviour, but may also be used as a tool of abuse themselves.

“Some interview respondents noted that perpetrators may also, for example, leave print outs of news stories concerning Hannah Clarke and the children around the house, or send them to ex-partners.”

The majority of participants in the study reported that cases of dousing threats within their services had become more prevalent over the past two or so years. And while no empirical measures exist yet, reasons may include an increased awareness among workers, and an increased fear among victims that such threats could be part of a pattern of escalating violence leading to murder.

“People are far more aware of it and that’s why there are so many more women, I think, talking about it,” one worker noted.

“Because now they’re really fearful and they’ve seen the consequences of that kind of threat being carried out.”

Another stated that they “see a really high prevalence of these kinds of threats, absolutely”.

“Different kinds of levels, different kinds of threats, but we do,” they added.

“So what we see most commonly are threats to burn the house down, threats to burn family and friend’s houses down, that sort of thing.”

“I actually have supported a woman whose respondent actually doused himself in petrol and threatened to burn himself at their family home where their children slept. Basically, yeah, well, it scared the hell out of her anyway,” one worker said.

“So, he did not actually burn himself because she managed to call triple-zero straight away. [But] the impact on her was really profound, because the smell of the petrol lingered for months.

“The location where he didused himself was actually close to the gas tank. So, he could have just killed everyone.”

What makes these threats – both implied and explicit – particularly “insidious”, Dr Lelliott and Dr Wallis noted in their findings, is that these “behaviours could be perceived as innocuous without an understanding of the broader context of the relationship”, but “almost always” occur in the context of an escalating pattern of “serious” domestic and family violence.

“I’m finding that it’s one of many elements. It’s not ever a stand-alone,” one worker said.

“Like they don’t just threaten to burn the house down or burn somebody – most of the time it’s because there is a domestic violence order (DVO), the client has left the relationship so there’s an escalation in the violence, and therefore it does escalate to the threats of burning either the house down, themselves or the client and the children.

“But usually there’s a lot that’s happened before it actually escalates to that point.”

Another, echoing the sentiment, noted the threats are “almost always just after separation”.

“So it’s about that not accepting that the relationship is over, and going into revenge and retaliation mode,” they added.

Their severity is also amplified by the accessibility of accelerants like petrol which, unlike the purchase of a firearm, are seen as “normal” household items.

Dr Lelliott told news.com.au that the prevalence of the study’s findings indicate “that there does need to be greater awareness of dousing threats – and indeed the use of fire generally – as a form of domestic and family violence and as a pattern of coercive control”.

“Some of our findings indicate that the severity of these threats is not always recognised, particularly by police,” he said.

“This work is, of course, preliminary at this point. We will release further papers in the future.”

Read related topics:Brisbane

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How one of Startmate’s worst start-ups Sitemate won over investors

It was in the same group as Morse Micro, Black.ai and Mentorloop, and Mr Pike said the cracks in his business quickly became apparent.

“Nick and I formed a pretty close bond, but it was a weird relationship because while Nick had a lot of belief in me personally, he had some major concerns about the business,” Mr Pike said.

‘existential concerns’

“Sitemate was the company he was most concerned about from the cohort. We were probably the worst company in nearly every measurable and immeasurable metric. We had a founder break-up and the product barely worked, but now we’ve been stable for a few years.

“We rebuilt the culture internally, restructured the founding team, and we started chipping away.”

Despite the “existential concerns”, Mr Pike said he kept building the business because the early traction from the company’s first 20 customers was strong.

“There is blind hope, and then there is logical hope. There is a fine line between those things,” he said.

“Looking at it from an outsider’s point of view, things looked pretty bad. But, we looked at it qualitatively – were people using our product? Yes, they were requesting more features, using it more every day and using it to its limits. We knew we may as well see it through.

“But there’s a lot of zombie start-ups out there who have spent money building things no one is using, and that’s a different situation.”

After graduating from Startmate, Mr Pike emailed Mr Crocker monthly updates on how Sitemate was tracking for four years.

Shortly before COVID-19 struck the business found its groove. And then the pandemic propelled the adoption of digital tools among its customers including Lendlease, Downer, Fulton Hogan and Arcadis, which use Sitemate across a variety of projects.

The company now has almost 1000 customers, has expanded to Britain and is in the process of setting up an office in North America.

On the back of its newfound success, in December last year the company kicked off conversations about a capital raise with Blackbird.

“Blackbird principal Tom Humphrey has joined the board, but it was the relationship with Nick that laid the foundation and this feels like coming full circle,” Mr Pike said.

New investors

Blackbird’s cornerstone contribution to the $5.2 million round was locked in three months ago. Since then, the company has also secured funding from existing investor Shearwater Capital and angels including local tech founders Tim Doyle, from Eucalyptus, and Propeller’s Rory San Miguel.

“It is a product-led company bringing real-time collaboration and a seamless product experience to the hundreds of millions of workers who wear hardhats and steel capped work boots – just like Atlassian did for software developers and software companies,” Mr Humphrey said.

Mr Pike would not reveal the company’s valuation, but said it was about five times higher than its previous seed round, which closed shortly before COVID-19 hit.

Having had a rocky start to life, Mr Pike said no investors wanted to fund the business in its early days, so the company was forced to operate profitably and run on a lean budget.

He intends to return the business to break even quickly. But, he said he would consider raising another round at a later date.

“Even though we’ve done this round, it hasn’t changed our DNA,” Mr Pike said.

“The plan is to deploy the funds rapidly – ​​setting up our go-to-market offices and doubling our product and engineering teams – but we’ll be back to break even within 12 months and in a position to decide what we want to do next. We will not be reliant on future funding.

“That was the plan even before the crash. We think you get better results [when you’re capital efficient] and you’re less lazy.”

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5 things to watch on the ASX 200 on Tuesday 1 August 2022

Smiling man with phone in wheelchair watching stocks and trends on computer

Image Source: Getty Images

On Monday, the S&P/ASX 200 Index (ASX: XJO) started the week in fine form. The benchmark index rose 0.7% to 6,993 points.

Will the market be able to build on this on Tuesday? Here are five things to watch:

ASX 200 expected to fail

The Australian share market is expected to open the day lower on Tuesday following a poor start to the week on Wall Street. According to the latest SPI futures, the ASX 200 is poised to open the day 19 points or 0.3% lower. On Wall Street the Dow Jones fell 0.15%, the S&P 500 dropped 0.3%, and the NASDAQ was down 0.2%.

RBA meeting

The Reserve Bank of Australia is meeting again today to decide on the cash rate. According to the latest cash rate futures, the market sees a 67% probability of the central bank raising the cash rate by 0.65% to 2%. Though, another 0.5% rise to 1.85% appears to be the most likely outcome at this afternoon’s meeting according to the Westpac Banking Corp. (ASX: WBC) economic team.

Oil price sink

It could be a difficult day for energy producers such as Beach Energy Ltd (ASX: BPT) and Santos Ltd (ASX: STO) after oil prices sank deep into the red on Monday night. According to Bloomberg, the WTI crude oil price is down 5% to US$93.66 a barrel and the Brent crude oil price has fallen 4.1% to US$99.72 a barrel. Traders were selling oil following concerns about weak Chinese factory data.

Credit Corp results

the Credit Corp Group Limited (ASX: CCP) share price will be on watch on Tuesday when the debt collector kicks off earnings season. According to a note out of Morgans, its analysts are expecting the company to report a full year net profit after tax of $96.2 million. This will be the top end of Credit Corp’s guidance range from $92 million to $97 million. Looking ahead, the broker is expecting management to guide to a net profit of $94 million to $104 million for FY 2023.

Gold price higher

gold miners Evolution Mining Ltd. (ASX: EVN) and Regis Resources Limited (ASX: RRL) could have a decent day after the gold price pushed higher overnight. According to CNBC, the spot gold price is up 0.35% to US$1,788 an ounce. A softer US dollar and weak Chinese economic data increased demand for the precious metal.

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Victorian government introduces reforms for Crown Melbourne amid calls for pre-commitment rules to apply statewide

Punters at Melbourne’s Crown Casino will be forced to pre-commit to losses and time spent on poker machines as part of reforms introduced in the wake of damning royal commission findings.

The 12 measures are the latest from 33 recommendations from the Royal Commission into the Casino Operator and Licence, which found an “alarming catalog of wrongdoing” at Victoria’s only casino.

The Melbourne casino — Victoria’s largest single-site employer — has been able to hold onto its license as long as it meets a number of conditions, including implementing the reforms.

US firm Blackstone recently completed an $8.9 billion takeover of Crown’s operations in Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.

Under the legislation being introduced in Victoria today, all Australian residents at the casino must set a maximum limit on how much they are prepared to lose before they begin using pokies.

A blond woman sits with a drink at a pokie.
Victorians lose more than $1.5 billion at the pokies each year.(abcnews)

“This is a world-first in a suite of reforms,” ​​Gaming Minister Melissa Horne said.

Technology to enforce the limit and track the time and money spent does not yet exist.

The government will give the Crown until the end of 2023 to have the mandatory pre-commitments in place, with the minister saying “it needs to be fully rolled out by no later than the end of 2025”.

The limit will be entirely up to the pattern.

Calls for pre-commitments to apply statewide

Chief Advocate at the Alliance for Gambling Reform Tim Costello welcomed the news.

“This is a really a historic day for the state government and therefore the people of Victoria — winning back power over the Crown, that has completely dominated the landscape and dominated the terms of engagement,” he said.

An older man sits smiling at the camera.
Gambling Advocate Tim Costello says the move gives gambling patrons better tools to avoid harm.(ABC News: Jeremy Story Carter)

He said he believed the pre-commitment system should apply to all pokie venues in the state.

“You can link the same system for pre-commitment to all pokies through clubs and hotels in Victoria so simply … the greedy pubs and clubs with pokies have fought this for more than a decade,” he said.

Crown Melbourne has about 2,600 pokie machines, about 10 per cent of the 26,321 spread across the state. Government statistics show more than $1.5 billion is lost on the pokies across the state each year.

When asked whether the limits were likely to be enforced at other gaming venues, Ms Horne said the government was focused on implementing the recommendations of the royal commission.

The minister said there was not a dollar figure or modeling attached to the mandatory pre-commitments to show how much better off patrons would be under the measure.

Other measures to tackle ‘money-laundering activities’

Repeated breaches of money-laundering rules and links to organized crime were identified at the royal commission.

Under the new measures, the use of cash will be limited to $1,000 per 24 hours in a bid to crack down on money laundering.

Crown Casino seen across Yarra River.
Crown Casino employs thousands of Victorians.(ABC News: Darryl Torpy )

The legislation will make it mandatory for patrons to use casino-issued cards and identification to gamble or receive winnings of more than $1,000.

“Again, this is a first for Crown Casino. And it is aimed directly at tackling money-laundering activities,” Ms Horne said.

It builds on measures introduced earlier which direct Crown to only hold a single bank account for patrons to deposit funds.

Other new rules include making Crown pay for the cost of regulating the casino, which the minister said was “only reasonable that for the additional level of scrutiny that Crown requires, they should also be able to pay for that”.

Any person or business wanting to own more than 5 per cent of the casino operator or its holding company will require the approval of the state’s new gambling watchdog.

Crown has been contacted for comment.

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‘Comically Bad’ Meal Leaves Business Class Passenger Questioning Life

A business class passenger on an Avianca flight has been left with a sour taste in his mouth. He recently took to the Internet to share his experience of an unclean toilet, packaged dessert and breakfast “served in an economy class container.”


Leviticus may not have said “no one has wrath like a business class passenger scorned” but he really should have. why? A pointy end passenger recently took to the Internet with yet another bashing of a London-Bogota Avianca 787 flight, where the experience failed to live up to its billing as a premium service.

The “comically bad” experience was skewered by avid traveler Matthew Klint, who writes for the aviation website Live & Let’s Fly. Klint recently flew on Avianca, a Colombian airline which has been the flag carrier of Colombia since December 5, 1919, when it was initially registered under the name SCADTA.

Though Avianca isn’t renowned as one of the world’s leading luxury airlines (for the airlines which have the best business class offerings in the world right now, head on over here), when booking an international business class ticket, you still expect the basics – certain industry standards – to be upheld.

Left: the offending in-flight meal. Right: the bathroom. Image Credit: Matthew Klint/Live & Let’s Fly

Unfortunately for Klint, this, particularly when it comes to food, did not prove to be the case. He went as far as to call it “deplorable.” Speaking about his in-flight meal of him, Klint complained that they gave him a lukewarm crew meal “with a packaged sandwich and packaged dessert.”

“Hot on the sides, cold in the middle.”

matthew klint

He added: “Breakfast was served before landing – again, in an economy class container. At least this time the omelet was warm. Sadly, the coffee was just brown water without much flavor and the bread was cold and hard.” He then pointed out it was a relief to get onto his connection from him to Houston and “actually receive a properly plated meal.”

RELATED: Business Class Jerk’s ‘Infuriating’ Complaint Stinks Of Snobbery… But Also Sparks Crucial ‘New Normal’ Debate

On top of that, Klint was not impressed by the state of the bathroom (which he says is not the fault of the crew, but nevertheless an indictment on them), which did not appear to have been kept clean all throughout the flight.

The Avianca business class seat. Image Credit: The Blonde Abroad

Klint then said the reason the airline provided for the altered service (Avianca left a note on his seat that said, basically, sorry for the altered service, we’ve had 12 months off and are now still getting our sh*t together) was not good enough, writing: “blaming your poor catering on the long hiatus in London service is simply absurd.”

“Avianca had weeks to prepare for its return and could have easily worked with its caterer to supply proper business class meals, including salads and appetizers. Instead, we received a lukewarm crew meal.”

matthew klint

This isn’t the first time there has been a mismatch between airlines’ adaptations to the pandemic (and other disruptive factors) and passengers’ expectations – particularly when it comes to business class. One Singapore Airlines passenger got into a right stoush on Facebook after champagne was removed from Singapore Airlines’ menu in 2020, for instance. And who could forget Virgin Australia’s Noodlegate incident and Qantas’ paper plate gate scandal…

RELATED: Business Class ‘Slammertime’ Ritual Sparks Outrage At 40,000ft

Just another day in this post-pandemic world. And yet another thing to think about (beyond baggage handlers destroying your luggage, airlines losing your luggage and massive flight delays) before your next flight.

It’s also worth noting that in previous reviews of Avianca business class (back when they were using plates), the food has got a mixed reception. In 2018 to Forbes writer called the meal presentation lackluster (“rather than coursing it out, the flight attendants put both the starters and the cheese plate on the same tray, then came through later with the main course”) while The Blonde Abroad once wrote “Avianca’s food and drink menus for their business class passengers are exceptional.”

Maybe the next time you get the chance you ought to book a ticket and try it for yourself.

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Cbus Poperty’s $1b bet on a better office towers in Melbourne

With that in mind, Cbus Property went back to the drawing board last year to rejig its plans for the 48-storey at 435 Bourke Street, on the corner with Queen Street in Melbourne.

While the developer already had an approval in hand for an office development across the four sites it had amalgamated, the “flight to quality” theme emerging out of the pandemic prompted a rethink.

The 60,000-square-meter tower will include landscaped open-air or mixed-mode terraces.

“Given people are still trying to get their minds around coming back to the office, of course it’s a challenging market. But if you’ve got the best product out in the market, it should attract the right caliber of tenants,” Mr Pozzo said.

Freshly approved by the state government, the Bates Smart-designed tower will comprise 60,000 square meters, enough room for about 5,500 city workers.

A key improvement to the design is a “solar skin” wrapping around the façade, that will generate about 20 per cent of the base building electricity requirements. The balance of the building, which is designed to achieve net-zero carbon in operation, will be powered by off-site renewable electricity.

Adding to the post-pandemic appeal of 435 Bourke will be a sky garden, along with several landscaped open-air and mixed-mode terraces as well as an atrium.

Such areas are a recognition that many staff are now more accustomed to working in informal settings, according to Mr Pozzo and Colliers’ Andrew Beasley, who is managing the leasing for the new tower.

“We took the time to interview major occupiers over the COVID-19 lockdown period to learn what these organizations would like to see in a new development in a post-COVID world,” Mr Beasley said.

  • All going to plan, demolition will finish by early next year, allowing construction to begin on the tower which could be completed by late 2026.
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Bonza’s First Boeing 737 MAX 8 Lands In Queensland

The fledgling Australian airline has moved towards welcoming its first paying passengers on board. The airline’s first plane, a gleaming Boeing 737 MAX 8, is touching down at Bonza’s Queensland HQ on Monday morning local time. The plane’s arrival marks a milestone for founder Tim Jordan who has always remained resolutely upbeat despite many skeptics suggesting this day would never come.

Bonza’s first MAX 8 hops across the Pacific

Some keen planespotters spied Bonza’s first plane around a month ago, jetting between airports in the western half of the United States, progressively having the final touches applied to its new livery. The 737 MAX 8 was built in later 2019 and initially destined for LOT Polish Airlines but never taken up. Since then, the jet has mostly sat idle. Bonza’s financial backers, the Miami-based 777 Partners, later took the plane up through their own aircraft leasing company. SP-LVO became VH-UJT and swapped a potential home in Warsaw for Queensland’s Maroochydore/Sunshine Coast Airport (MCY).

SIMPLEFLYING VIDEO OF THE DAY

VH-UJT is due to land mid-morning Monday into MCY as flight AB001 after a series of ferry flights from the US. The MAX 8 flew the final 1,671 miles (2,690 kilometers) from Nadi (NAN) on Monday morning. The final leg followed a flight from Boeing Field (BFI) outside Seattle to Honolulu (HNL) on Friday and a second leg from Honolulu to Nadi on Saturday. Monday’s arrival at MCY also marks the first time a MAX aircraft has landed at that airport.

“We are beyond excited to welcome our first aircraft to Sunshine Coast Airport,” says Bonza’s Tim Jordan. The CEO added that VH-UJT would primarily work as a spare plane, supporting Bonza’s remaining fleet and minimizing disruptions. Bonza is reticent about timelines for its next aircraft arrivals. “More aircraft will follow,” says a statement from the airline.

Bonza is holding onto a late September launch date

Bonza’s first anticipated a mid-year launch date, but that’s been and gone. A few months ago, the airline said September was a more likely start date, so they’ll need to get their skates on aircraft-wise if that’s still to happen. But on Monday, there was a message out of the Bonza camp suggesting a September start date was looking less certain.

“The airline is working towards wheels-up, potentially as soon as late September but noting the regulatory process is one that is highly respected,” says Bonza’s statement. Bonza tells Simple Flying they hope to get their second plane in August and the application for the air operator’s certificate is “progressing well.”

Bonza’s first MAX 8 at Maroochydore/Sunshine Coast Airport on Monday morning. Photo: Heather Mollins/Bonza

Once VH-UJT lands in MCY, it will receive a cabin refit. “It seems only right that we bring home our first aircraft to have its final touches put on by Australians locally,” said Mr Jordan. LOT’s three-class 186-seat 737 MAX 8 configuration is likely too roomy for Bonza’s high seat density, low-cost fare operating model. Bonza will also probably inject a little of its brand color and flavor into the cabin .

Bonza hasn’t named its first plane yet. In a slightly risky strategy for an airline operating MAX 8s, it wants the public to provide naming suggestions on the airline’s social media pages. There have been quite a few examples of such promotions going wildly off-piste in Australia and elsewhere. Knowing Bonza, they’ll probably make a virtue out of the ridiculous, but the potential nicknames for a Boeing 737 MAX 8 at an airline called Bonza might even test the humor of the always smiling Mr Jordan.


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The tech problem that caused Qantas flight chaos

“Without knowing the details I imagine that there are a number of components in the communication chain, so they would have to diagnose, identify the fault and test and restore,” Dr Nesci said.

“What is surprising however is that such a critical system does not appear to have a high level of redundancy – ie a backup system on hot standby. This would allow a failover to the redundant system in a few minutes while the primary system is restored.”

The outage was unrelated to long lines and a slew of canceled flights at Sydney and Melbourne airports on Monday morning.

At Sydney Airport, 23 flights were canceled across multiple airlines as a result of engineering issues and COVID-related staff shortages that have plagued airlines since Australia reopened its domestic borders.

Twenty flights were canceled at Melbourne airport on Monday, about 7 per cent of the 286 scheduled departures, including nine flights from Qantas, seven from Virgin, and four Jetstar flights.

Virgin was forced to change its schedule over the weekend due to crew sickness, and a spokeswoman said the airline apologized to travelers impacted by delayed or canceled services.

The most recent government data from June showed just 63 per cent of all domestic flights arrived on time and 5.8 per cent of scheduled flights were canceled by local airlines.

The Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics said Australia’s aviation sector posted the “worst on time performance figures recorded since recording commenced in November 2003″, followed by the Easter holidays in April 2022.

Bad weather, congestion and other COVID-related issues dragged down the time arrivals figure in June, which was significantly lower than the long-term average performance for all routes of 82 per cent while the rate of cancellations was more than double the long-term average of 2.1 per cent.

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Solar is the cheapest power, and a literal light-bulb moment showed us we can cut costs and emissions even further

Recent extreme weather events have underscored the need to cut the CO₂ emissions that are driving up global temperatures. This requires a rapid transition from the energy economy to renewable energy sources, the cheapest being solar photovoltaics (PV). And our newly published research points to a way we can drive down costs of the shift even further using cheaper forms of silicon for highly efficient solar panels.

Australia has been leading the way with solar PV installations, but our solar energy journey is just beginning. This year, humanity hit a milestone of 1 terawatt (TW) – 1 million × 1 million watts – of installed solar capacity. However, experts predict 70TW of solar PV may be needed by 2050 to power all sectors of the economy.

To help drive this rapid uptake of solar PV, we need solar panels that are high efficiency and low cost. Over the past ten years, some new solar cell designs have led to record high efficiencies. The problem is these designs also need higher-quality materials, which cost more.

Our recent research suggests we might be able to rethink the type of silicon needed to make these high-efficiency solar cells.



Read more: Australia is the runaway global leader in building new renewable energy


Not all silicon is equal

More than 95% of solar panels are made using silicon. The silicon used to make solar cells is similar to that used in computer chips. It’s effectively very pure sand.

To make a solar cell work, we need to form an electric field so the generated current can all flow in one direction. This is done by adding impurity atoms into silicon, a process known as “doping”.

In commercial panel manufacturing, the most commonly used type of silicon is “p-type” silicon. This material is doped with atoms that have one less electron than silicon, such as boron or more recently gallium.

We can then introduce a very thin layer on the surface full of atoms with one extra electron relative to silicon, which is called “n-type” silicon. Placing these two types of silicon together forms what is called a “pn junction”. The massive difference in the number of electrons between the p-type region and n-type region forces electrons to move rapidly, creating an electric field that drives the current in our solar cell.

Conventional solar panels on Australian roofs today are overwhelmingly made using p-type silicon, as it is about 10% cheaper than the alternative “n-type” silicon, doped with phosphorus.



Read more: The sunlight that powers solar panels also damages them. ‘Gallium doping’ is providing a solution


Higher efficiency comes at a cost

Researchers are continually pushing to drive up the efficiency of solar panels so they can generate more power for consumers. In 2017, a record efficiency of 26.7% was achieved for a silicon solar cell. Last month, LONGi Solar announced an efficiency of 26.5% – very close to the world record – for the same type of solar cell made in a manufacturing environment, rather than in a laboratory.

This type of solar cell is called a “silicon heterojunction”. The special element of silicon heterojunction solar cells is that the surface is capped with a very thin layer – about 1,000 times thinner than a human hair – of amorphous silicon. This thin layer smooths the surface and reduces a lot of the energy losses.

Sanyo developed this cell design in the 1990s. At the time, high-quality n-type silicon wafers were used to make silicon heterojunction cells, even though these wafers are more expensive.

The main reason for this is that sunlight degrades cheaper p-type wafers. However, our understanding of this phenomenon and how to treat it has come a long way since the 1990s.

Our light-bulb moment

For the past 30 years, all silicon heterojunction solar cells, including the record-breaking cells, have been made using n-type silicon wafers. In our research project, we wanted to test whether cheaper, p-type wafers could also be used.

Through comprehensive testing, we found heterojunction solar cells made with p-type silicon did not perform as well. We were puzzled by this. But one day we had a literal light-bulb moment.

We realized that accidental exposure to room lighting for as little as ten seconds before testing reduced the voltage of p-type cells by as much as 30mV, which can cut their efficiency by a percentage point (ie from 22% to 21%). This was causing our cells to perform much worse than expected. Much like someone who has severe allergies is more sensitive to pollen in the spring, we realized these high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells made with p-type wafers are much more sensitive to light-induced degradation.

solar panels on roofs of suburban houses
Australians have led the way in installing solar panels but reducing the cost of high-efficiency panels could increase the urgent transition to renewables.
Shutterstock

Problem identified, we now have the solution

We believe this observation is the reason high-efficiency cells have only previously been explored using expensive silicon. Past researchers were unaware of the sensitivity of p-type wafers to degrade and did not have the knowledge to overcome it.

Fortunately, we now know the bonding of boron and unwanted oxygen in the silicon wafer causes this degradation. Treatments with a high-intensity laser have been shown to stabilize cells in a matter of seconds.

The laser illumination can make hydrogen, which is already floating around in the silicon, more mobile to move around and “passivate” the unwanted boron-oxygen defects. Exactly how hydrogen does this is still an active area of ​​research, but we know it solves the problem. Our research confirms a short laser treatment can stabilize the performance of p-type silicon heterojunction solar cells.

Armed with this new knowledge, we can further develop high-efficiency technologies with cheaper raw materials. This will reduce the cost of every watt of solar electricity produced. In March this year, solar panel manufacturer LONGi Solar announced an efficiency of 25.47% for a silicon heterojunction solar cell made using p-type wafers.

To see manufacturers making high-efficiency solar cells that are potentially cheaper means our findings have a tangible impact on industry. Reducing solar cell costs will provide cheaper electricity to millions of consumers while addressing climate change.