Toys – Michmutters
Categories
Australia

Marley Enjakovic to undergo surgery after having plastic flower lodged in his throat for five years

Skye Enjakovic just knew there was something wrong with her son’s throat.

As a toddler, Marley had begun to choke and vomit when eating food.

“We always assumed that he was eating too fast because it would self [resolve] and there’d be no other issues,” she told ABC Radio Adelaide.

“As time went on, that’s when his wheezing started to happen and he just was in and out of hospital and doctors’ surgeries.”

The Adelaide boy was diagnosed with asthma, and initially Ms Enjakovic believed her son did have the respiratory disease.

But eventually the use of a puffer no longer helped with the wheezing or coughing.

In December 2021, Marley had a coughing fit so severe he was rushed to hospital.

His oxygen levels were low and a chest x-ray showed something was missing with his trachea and oesophagus.

A bronchoscopy revealed Marley had a tracheoesophageal fistula, which is a connection from his oesophagus to his trachea.

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Marley had the flower removed from his throat earlier this year.

“Meaning that food, drink and salvia had basically been entering his trachea (airways) and going on to his lungs,” Ms Enjakovic wrote online.

A week later he was flown to Melbourne for surgery as the connection was sitting close to the main artery to his heart.

Just prior to the surgery, doctors used cameras to take another look down Marley’s airway and that was when they discovered a plastic arts and craft flower lodged in his throat.

Up until this point, inflammation had prevented doctors from finding the foreign object in his throat.

Ms Enjakovic believes the plastic flower could have been there for up to five years, as that was when Marley had begun to show symptoms.

“I just knew there was something wrong with his throat and I couldn’t figure out what it was,” Ms Enjakovic said.

“I never thought it would be a foreign body, but it’s just not normal for a child with asthma to choke and vomit over food and drink and literally cough for hours straight.”

The flower was removed in January, but Marley, now 8, will undergo more surgery in Melbourne on Tuesday to remove the connection between his oesophagus and trachea.

“They will do a cut along his chest, compress his right lung and then peel the oesophagus off the trachea and then cut out that connection that’s caused from the foreign body,” Ms Enjakovic said.

Marley Enjakovic
Marley Enjakovic had ongoing health issues for years.(Supplied: Skye Enjakovic)

“Then [they will] take a little bit of muscle from his chest and put it between the oesophagus and trachea so it doesn’t create another fistula.

“The surgical team in Adelaide did a really good job trying to get his body to heal [the fistula] and it has done an amazing job, but it’s just not healing any further and now we have to go to, unfortunately, having another operation.”

As well as preparing for the upcoming surgery, the family is raising funds for the Women’s and Children’s Hospital Foundation.

“We spent a lot of time at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital and honestly we had the best care by the surgical team there,” Ms Enjakovic said.

“Nothing was left unturned, even his surgeon from Adelaide is coming to his operation in Melbourne, that’s how much they’ve cared for and looked after him.”

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Categories
Technology

Researchers Have Taught Machines How to Follow Lego Instructions

The enduring appeal of Lego comes not from the complexity of the sets, nor the adorable minifigure versions of pop culture icons, but from the build process itself, and turning a box of seemingly random pieces into a completed model. It’s a satisfying experience, and another one that robots might steal from you one daythanks to researchers at Stanford University.

Lego’s instruction manuals are a masterclass in how to visually convey an assembly process to a builder, no matter what their background is, their experience level, or what language they speak. Pay close attention to the required pieces and the differences between one image of the partly-assembled model and the next, and you can figure out where all the pieces need to go before moving on to the next step. Lego has refined and polished the design of its instruction manuals over the years, but as easy as they are for humans to follow, machines are only just learning how to interpret the step-by-step guides.

One of the biggest challenges when it comes to machines learning to build with Lego is interpreting the two-dimensional images of the 3D models in the traditional printed instruction manuals (although, several Lego models can now be assembled through the company’s mobile app, which provides full 3D models of each step that can be rotated and examined from any angle). Humans can look at a picture of a Lego brick and instantly determine its 3D structure in order to find it in a pile of bricks, but for robots to do that, the researchers at Stanford University had to develop a new learning-based framework they call the Manual-to-Executable-Plan Network—or, MEPNet, for short-as detailed in a recently published paper.

Not only does the neural network have to extrapolate the 3D shape, form, and structure of the individual pieces identified in the manual for each step, it also needs to interpret the overall shape of the semi-assembled models featured in every step, no matter their orientation. Depending on where a piece needs to be added, Lego manuals will often provide an image of a semi-assembled model from a completely different perspective than the previous step did. The MEPNet framework has to decipher what it’s seeing, and how it correlates to the 3D model it generated as illustrated in previous steps.

photo of lego instruction converted into a 3D model by machine learning

screenshot: Ruocheng Wang, Yunzhi Zhang, Jiayuan Mao, Chin-Yi Cheng, and Jiajun Wu

The framework then needs to determine where the new pieces in each step fit into the previously generated 3D model by comparing the next iteration of the semi-assembled model to previous ones. Lego manuals don’t use arrows to indicate part placement, and at the most will use a slightly different color to indicate where new pieces need to be placed—which may be too subtle to detect from a scanned image of a printed page. The MEPNet framework has to figure this out on its own, but what makes the process slightly easier is a feature unique to Lego bricks: the studs on top, and the anti-studs on the underside that allow them to be securely attached to each other. MEPNet understands the positional limitations of how Lego bricks can actually be stacked and attached based on the location of a piece’s studs, which helps narrow down where on the semi-assembled model they can be attached.

So can you drop a pile of plastic bricks and a manual in front of a robot arm and expect to come back to a completed model in a few hours? Not quite yet. The goal of this research was to simply translate the 2D images of a Lego manual into assembly steps a machine can functionally understand. Teaching a robot to manipulate and assemble Lego bricks is a whole other challenge—this is just the first step—although we’re not sure if there are any Lego fans out there who want to pawn off the actual building process on a machine.

Where this research could have more interesting applications is potentially automatically converting old Lego instruction manuals into the interactive 3D build guides included in the Lego mobile app now. And with a better understanding of translating 2D images into three-dimensional brick-built structures, this framework could potentially be used to develop software that could translate images of any object and spit out instructions on how to turn it into a Lego model.

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